An issue of sovereignty: The ‘gang-bang’ of China

The following is a list of former foreign enclaves in China.

International

• Shanghai International Settlement (merger of British and American concessions; 1863-1945)
• Beijing Legation Quarter (1861-1945)
• Gulangyu Island (1903-45)

Austro-Hungarian

• Austro-Hungarian concession in Tianjin (1902-17)

Belgian

• Belgian concession in Tianjin (1902-31)

British

• Hong Kong colony (1841-1997)
• Weihaiwei leased territory (1898-1930)
• British concession in Tianjin (1860-1943)
• British concession in Hankou (1861-1927)
• British concession in Jiujiang (1861-1927)
• British concession in Zhenjiang (1861-1929)
• British concession in Shamian Island, Guangzhou (1861-1945)
• British concession in Amoy (1852-1930)
• British concession in Shanghai (1846-63; merged to form Shanghai International Settlement)

French

• Kwang-Chou-Wan leased territory (1898-1946)
• French Concession in Shanghai (1849-1946)
• French Concession in Shamian Island, Guangzhou (1861-1946)
• French Concession in Hankou (1896-1946)
• French concession in Tianjin (1861-1946)
• French Railway, Kunming (1904-1940)

German

• Kiautschou Bay leased territory (1898-1914)
• German concession in Hankou (1895-1917)
• German concession in Tianjin (1895-1917)

Italian

• Italian concession in Tianjin (1901-47)

Japanese

• Taiwan colony (1895-1945)
• Kwantung Leased Territory/South Manchuria Railway Zone (1905-45; obtained from Russia)
• Kiautschou Bay leased territory (1914-22; obtained from Germany)
• Japanese concession in Tianjin (1898-1943)
• Japanese concession in Hankou (1898-1943)
• Japanese concession in Chongqing (1901-31)
• Japanese concession in Suzhou (1897-1943)
• Japanese concession in Hangzhou (1897-1943)

Portuguese

• Macau colony (1557-1999)

Russian

• Russian Dalian (1898-1905)
• Russian concession in Tianjin (1900-24)
• Russian concession in Hankou (1896-1924)
• Chinese Eastern Railway, Harbin (1896-1952)

United States

• American concession in Shanghai (1848-63; merged to form Shanghai International Settlement)
• American concession in Tianjin (1860-1902; merged to form British concession in Tianjin)

See also

• Concessions in China
• Europe Street

(Is it now ‘pay-back’ time for China?)